Jump to content

Smoke grenade

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A British L83A1 smoke grenade, manufactured in May 2008. This grenade has already been used.

A smoke grenade is a canister-type grenade used as a signaling device, target or landing zone marking device, or as a screening device for unit movements.[1][2]

Smoke grenades are generally more complex and emit a far larger amount of smoke than smoke bombs, which are a type of firework typically started with an external fuse rather than a pin. Smoke grenades often cost around US$40 compared to smoke bombs, which can often cost just a few cents. The phrase "to smoke", meaning to fake, bluff, or beat around the bush, comes from the military usage of smoke grenades to obscure and conceal movement;[citation needed] similarly, "pop smoke", derived from a common way of ordering the use of smoke grenades, is used as a slang term for quickly leaving a place.[3]

Design

[edit]
Diagram and cross section of an M18 smoke grenade

A typical design consists of a sheet steel cylinder with four emission holes on top and one on the bottom to allow smoke release when the grenade is ignited. The filler consists of 250 to 350 grams of colored smoke composition (mostly potassium chlorate, lactose, and a dye) in virtually any color. White smoke grenades typically use hexachloroethane-zinc and granular aluminum. The reaction is exothermic and though they remain intact, smoke grenade casings will often remain scalding hot for some time even after the grenade is no longer emitting smoke. Although modern smoke grenades are designed not to directly emit fire or sparks, they remain a fire hazard and are capable of igniting dry vegetation or flammable substances if used carelessly.

Another type of smoke grenade is the bursting variation. These are filled with white phosphorus (WP), a pyrophoric agent that is spread quickly into a cloud by an internal bursting charge. White phosphorus burns with a brilliant yellow flame while producing copious amounts of white smoke (phosphorus pentoxide). This type of smoke grenade is favored for its ability to produce a very dense and nearly instantaneous cloud of white concealment smoke as compared to the more common solid-filler grenades which expel a slower stream of smoke over a period of roughly 1 minute. For this reason, they are favored for use in onboard grenade launching attachments on armored vehicles, which require extremely fast concealment in the event they are targeted by anti-armor weaponry and need to rapidly retreat.

Use

[edit]
A violet smoke grenade used to mark a helicopter landing zone during the Vietnam War, 1967
Smoke grenades used to create a smoke screen during protest demonstrations in Paris, 2008

Smoke grenades are used for several purposes. The primary use is the creation of smoke screens for concealment and the signaling of aircraft.

If movement (such as flanking maneuvers or retreat) is necessary, smoke grenades can be thrown prior to movement in order to provide a wall of visual distraction that reduces the accuracy of enemy fire and temporarily deceives them as to the force's location.

Smoke grenades can also be used to signal aircraft. Since locating a target from above (especially in thick forest canopy) can be nearly impossible, even with good radio contact, colored smoke grenades are often used to allow aircraft to spot them. Colored signaling smoke grenades [4] are widely used in CASEVAC and close air support situations where quickly locating friendly ground forces is of paramount importance. Common colors are red, yellow, green and purple, and all use very brightly colored dyes to increase the likelihood of being spotted from above.

Other uses

[edit]
Assault Amphibious Vehicles firing smoke grenades

Smoke grenades are functionally identical to many forms of chemical grenades (such as CS gas riot control grenades) and incendiary grenades (such as thermite grenades) which use a fuse to ignite a solid filler inside a steel canister, which then slowly propels the combustion products out through holes in the canister as the contents burn. However, the smoke grenade class is restricted to signaling and concealment under the law of war, and thus they are not considered weapons; since the vast majority are non-explosive, they remain legal for civilian use and ownership in most countries.

Since the basic design of a smoke grenade (a metal canister containing a substance that burns and expels smoke when ignited) is simple, improvised smoke grenade-like devices are ubiquitous across the world. Protestors, football spectators, and airsoft enthusiasts often create their own smoke grenades using common materials.

Smoke grenades by country

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ BACTEC International Limited. "Potential Sources of Allied UXO" (PDF). WSP UK Limited. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 June 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
  2. ^ a b "M18 Smoke Hand Grenade". Project Manager Close Combat Systems. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  3. ^ Coupe, Georgina (13 December 2019). "Guide To Understanding Military Jargon And Acronyms". Forces Network. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
  4. ^ "Smoke Grenades and bombs For Airsoft, Paintball, Photography". Socom Tactical Airsoft. Retrieved 2020-11-25.
  5. ^ "M34 WP smoke".
  6. ^ "Cartuchosfm - FMK-5".
  7. ^ "No 80 Mk 1 Inert Smoke Grenade". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
  8. ^ "Various products made made by the Pyrotechnic Section of the St Mary's Ammunition Factory". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
  9. ^ a b Lyles, Kevin (25 May 2004). Vietnam ANZACs: Australian & New Zealand Troops in Vietnam 1962-72. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781841767024.
  10. ^ Gordon L. Rottman (26 Jan 2017). Vietnam War US & Allied Combat Equipments. Osprey Publishing. p. 44. ISBN 9781472819055.
  11. ^ Chemring Australia. "Coloured Smoke Grenade Ascend A101 Series" (PDF). Retrieved 2021-07-20.
  12. ^ Chemring Australia. "Compact Coloured Smoke Grenade Ascend A200 Series" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  13. ^ Wetz, Andreas (6 February 2009). "Nebelübung: Anrainer gefährdet?". Die Presse. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
  14. ^ "Grenade Practice Range". Urban Exploration Resource. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  15. ^ "No.83 smoke".
  16. ^ "M3BG Smoke WP".
  17. ^ "M48BG / M50BG Smoke WP".
  18. ^ "M68 Sig Smoke Red".
  19. ^ a b "Nr11 smoke red".
  20. ^ "M405A1 smoke WP".
  21. ^ Condor. "SS-601 - Condor - Tecnologias Não Letais". Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  22. ^ Arsenal JSCo. "GH-SMK-2-W". Retrieved 24 July 2021.
  23. ^ Arsenal JSCo. "SMK-O, SMK-W, SMK-R, SMK-B, SMK-G, SMK-Y". Retrieved 24 July 2021.
  24. ^ Bulcomers Ks. "Hand Grenade GH SMK-W - White Smoke Grenade". Retrieved 11 August 2021.
  25. ^ Bulcomers Ks. "Hand Grenade GH SMK-R - Red Smoke Grenade". Retrieved 11 August 2021.
  26. ^ Bulcomers Ks. "Hand Grenade GH SMK-O - Orange Smoke Grenade". Retrieved 11 August 2021.
  27. ^ Bulcomers Ks. "Hand Grenade GH SMK-G - Green Smoke Grenade". Retrieved 11 August 2021.
  28. ^ Bulcomers Ks. "Hand Grenade GH SMK-Blue - Blue Smoke Grenade". Retrieved 11 August 2021.
  29. ^ Bulcomers Ks. "Hand Grenade GH SMK-Y - Yellow Smoke Grenade". Retrieved 11 August 2021.
  30. ^ "smoke hand grenade". Canadian War Museum. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
  31. ^ a b c d e Department of National Defence (1976). B-GL-317-005/PT-001 Weapons, Volume 5, Grenades and Pyrotechnics.
  32. ^ "smoke hand grenade". Canadian War Museum. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
  33. ^ "No. 83 smoke".
  34. ^ "smoke hand grenade". Canadian War Museum. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
  35. ^ "smoke hand grenade". Canadian War Museum. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
  36. ^ "smoke hand grenade". Canadian War Museum. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
  37. ^ "smoke hand grenade". Canadian War Museum. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
  38. ^ "HC smoke C1".
  39. ^ "smoke hand grenade". Canadian War Museum. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
  40. ^ "smoke hand grenade". Canadian War Museum. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
  41. ^ "smoke hand grenade". Canadian War Museum. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
  42. ^ "smoke hand grenade". Canadian War Museum. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
  43. ^ "smoke hand grenade". Canadian War Museum. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
  44. ^ "smoke hand grenade". Canadian War Museum. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
  45. ^ a b General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems - Canada. "Pyrotechnics". Retrieved 2021-07-20.
  46. ^ HFI Pyrotechnics. "C8 Smoke Grenade Commercial Datasheet" (PDF). Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  47. ^ "C-8 coloured smoke".
  48. ^ "smoke hand grenade". Canadian War Museum. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
  49. ^ FAMAE. "Granada de Mano de Humo" (PDF). Retrieved 9 August 2021.
  50. ^ FAMAE. "Memorial Anual 2016" (PDF). Retrieved 10 August 2021.
  51. ^ FAMAE. "Memorial Anual 2017" (PDF). Retrieved 10 August 2021.
  52. ^ a b "making smoke: introduction to smoke grenade" (in Chinese). 23 June 2019. Archived from the original on 2 September 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2022.
  53. ^ "Granater [78]".
  54. ^ "Granater [76]".
  55. ^ "Granater [60]".
  56. ^ "Granater [28]".
  57. ^ "Granater [33]".
  58. ^ "Granater [35]".
  59. ^ Kaitseliit (19 April 2023). "Põhjakonn 23 - Järva malev - Urmas Glase (53)". flickr.com. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  60. ^ "Nebelhandgranate 39".
  61. ^ United States Department of the Air Force (1953). TM 9-1985-2/TO 11A-1-26, German Explosive Ordnance (Bombs, Fuzes, Rockets, Land Mines, Grenades and Igniters). United States Government Printing Office. pp. 326–327.
  62. ^ "Nebelkerze 39/39b".
  63. ^ "Nebelhandgranate 41".
  64. ^ United States Department of the Air Force (1953). TM 9-1985-2/TO 11A-1-26, German Explosive Ordnance (Bombs, Fuzes, Rockets, Land Mines, Grenades and Igniters). United States Government Printing Office. pp. 325–326.
  65. ^ "NebelEihandgranate 42".
  66. ^ United States Department of the Air Force (1953). TM 9-1985-2/TO 11A-1-26, German Explosive Ordnance (Bombs, Fuzes, Rockets, Land Mines, Grenades and Igniters). United States Government Printing Office. p. 329.
  67. ^ United States Department of the Air Force (1953). TM 9-1985-2/TO 11A-1-26, German Explosive Ordnance (Bombs, Fuzes, Rockets, Land Mines, Grenades and Igniters). United States Government Printing Office. p. 327.
  68. ^ United States Department of the Air Force (1953). TM 9-1985-2/TO 11A-1-26, German Explosive Ordnance (Bombs, Fuzes, Rockets, Land Mines, Grenades and Igniters). United States Government Printing Office. p. 328.
  69. ^ "HandRauchzeichen".
  70. ^ United States Department of the Air Force (1953). TM 9-1985-2/TO 11A-1-26, German Explosive Ordnance (Bombs, Fuzes, Rockets, Land Mines, Grenades and Igniters). United States Government Printing Office. pp. 329–330.
  71. ^ "RauchSichtzeichen Orange". Archived from the original on 2021-11-27. Retrieved 2021-11-27.
  72. ^ Bundesministerium der Verteidigung (25 April 2000). Zentrale Dienstvorschrift 3/21, Gebrauch von Nebelmitteln (PDF). Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  73. ^ a b Rheinmetall. "Spirco – Smoke hand grenade" (PDF). Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  74. ^ a b "Spirco – Smoke hand grenade". Rheinmetall Defence. Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
  75. ^ a b c "Rheinmetall Waffe Munition infantry products catalog". Retrieved 27 November 2021.
  76. ^ "PRESENTATION HANDGRENADES" (PDF). Rheinmetall Defence. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
  77. ^ "Technisches Datenblatt: Granate, Hand, Nebel, RP - L84A3" (PDF). Rheinmetall Defence. January 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
  78. ^ a b "PRESENTATION HANDGRENADES" (PDF). Rheinmetall Defence. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
  79. ^ "Smoke Screening Products IR/RP" (PDF). Diehl BGT Defence GmbH & Co. KG. April 2011. Archived from the original on 7 February 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  80. ^ a b "Greek grenades".
  81. ^ Gonzales, https://www flickr com/people/38727033@N05 Yamil (June 29, 2009). "Català: Cop d'estat a Hondures del 2009" – via Wikimedia Commons. {{cite web}}: External link in |first= (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  82. ^ "Ordnance Factory Board". Ordnance Factory Board. Archived from the original on 30 September 2010. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  83. ^ "81 mm Anti-thermal Anti-laser (AT-AL) Smoke Grenade". Defence Research and Development Organisation. Ministry of Defence. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
  84. ^ "Oleoresin Based Incapacitating Smoke Grenade". Defence Research and Development Organisation. Ministry of Defence. 14 September 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
  85. ^ "CR Grenade". Defence Research and Development Organisation. Ministry of Defence. 23 August 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
  86. ^ "Now, 'Chilli smoke' grenades to dig out terrorists". Hindustan Times. Press Trust of India. 21 December 2008. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
  87. ^ "Pin on Óglaigh na hÉireann". Pinterest.
  88. ^ Lichte Vuurwapenen, Ontwerp-Voorschrift, No. 1505, Handgranaten (in Dutch) (2e herziene druk ed.). Chef van de Generalen Staf. 11 August 1945. pp. 18–21.
  89. ^ a b c Onderzoeksraad voor Veiligheid (27 April 2006). "Gewonden door gebruik rookgasgranaat WP, Curacao, 26 april 2006". Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  90. ^ "Nr9 smoke yellow".
  91. ^ "Nr10 smoke green".
  92. ^ a b Koninklijke Landmacht (22 November 1985). Voorschriftnummer 9-850 Hand- en Geweergranaten (in Dutch).
  93. ^ Ministerie van Defensie (30 August 2017). "Handgranaten". Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  94. ^ "Jongetjes vinden rookgranaat".
  95. ^ "O r d n a n c e . I n f O".
  96. ^ "O r d n a n c e . I n f O".
  97. ^ "O r d n a n c e . I n f O".
  98. ^ "O r d n a n c e . I n f O".
  99. ^ "Forward Observation Training".
  100. ^ "Rookgranaat aangetroffen en door EOD tot ontploffing gebracht". 21 January 2021.
  101. ^ New Zealand Army [@nzarmy] (August 19, 2020). "Smoke in the field 🚨 During training we often use M18 Coloured Smoke Grenades. 2/1 RNZIR have put them to use during a 'man down' drill. In this scenario, soldiers use the smoke as concealment - enabling them to respond to injured personnel & relocate to 'dead ground'. #NZArmy" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  102. ^ Jowett, Philip (22 September 2016). Modern African Wars (5): The Nigerian-Biafran War 1967–70. Osprey Publishing. p. 3. ISBN 9781472816092.
  103. ^ "O r d n a n c e . I n f O".
  104. ^ "O r d n a n c e . I n f O".
  105. ^ a b "Ulykke med røykhåndgranat (NM248) i HV-14 på Drevjamoen 29. august 2019" (PDF). Statens havarikommisjon for Forsvaret. 29 June 2020. pp. 6–7. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
  106. ^ a b c d "UD 2-1 Forsvarets sikkerhetsbestemmelser for landmilitær virksomhet". Forsvaret. 23 October 2020. p. 120. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
  107. ^ "M88 smoke".
  108. ^ "O r d n a n c e . I n f O".
  109. ^ "O r d n a n c e . I n f O".
  110. ^ "O r d n a n c e . I n f O".
  111. ^ "O r d n a n c e . I n f O".
  112. ^ "O r d n a n c e . I n f O".
  113. ^ "Hand Grenade Solutions" (PDF). Nammo. March 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  114. ^ "Nammo Ammunition Handbook Edition 4" (PDF). Nammo. 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2017. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  115. ^ "Nammo Ammunition Handbook Edition 6" (PDF). Nammo. May 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  116. ^ "TTC Smoke Hand Grenade". Nammo. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  117. ^ "O r d n a n c e . I n f O".
  118. ^ "O r d n a n c e . I n f O".
  119. ^ "O r d n a n c e . I n f O".
  120. ^ "Pakistan Ordnance Factories". Pakistan Ordnance Factories. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  121. ^ "Pakistan Ordnance Factories". Pakistan Ordnance Factories. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  122. ^ "Product Search". Defence Export Promotion Organization. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  123. ^ Andrzej Ciepliński, Ryszard Woźniak (1994). Encyklopedia współczesnej broni palnej (in Polish). Warszawa: WiS. ISBN 83-86028-01-7. OCLC 169820275.
  124. ^ a b c Grant, Neil (20 November 2015). Rhodesian Light Infantryman 1961–80. Osprey Publishing. p. 22. ISBN 9781472809629.
  125. ^ "Аэрозолеобразующие (дымообразующие) составы и средства их применения. Техника безопасности при работе с ними". Archived from the original on 2013-03-27. Retrieved 2012-12-28.
  126. ^ a b A/3/O8/PL GREN Training with Grenades. SA Army Headquarters. February 1980.
  127. ^ LEXPEV. "South African grenades". Lexpev.nl. Archived from the original on 2020-08-08. Retrieved 2021-11-28.
  128. ^ Denel Land Systems. "Hand Grenades, CS Smoke Generators and Aerosols" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2006. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  129. ^ "O r d n a n c e . I n f O".
  130. ^ Denel Land Systems. "Grenade Datasheets" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 September 2006. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  131. ^ Rheinmetall Denel Munition. "Hand Grenade Coloured Smoke M0234" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  132. ^ Rheinmetall Denel Munition. "Hand Grenade Screening Smoke M0251" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  133. ^ a b Hanwha Corporation. "Hand Grenades" (PDF). Retrieved 10 August 2021.
  134. ^ a b Korea CNO Tech Co Ltd. "한국씨앤오테크(주) - Smoke Grenade". Retrieved 10 August 2021.
  135. ^ "A.t.f.-1".
  136. ^ DigitaltMuseum. "Rökhandgranat m/1937". Retrieved 24 July 2021.
  137. ^ Beskrivning av handgranater och rökfacklor. Kungl Armétygförvaltningen. 1960. pp. 18–19.
  138. ^ a b Beskrivning av handgranater och rökfacklor. Kungl Armétygförvaltningen. 1960. p. 20.
  139. ^ DigitaltMuseum. "Utbildningsplansch för Rökhandgranat m/51". Retrieved 24 July 2021.
  140. ^ DigitaltMuseum. "Utbildningsplansch för Rökhandgranat m/56". Retrieved 24 July 2021.
  141. ^ Försvarsmakten (1 February 2020). Reglemente Verksamhetssäkerhet - Övning brand och rök (PDF). Retrieved 24 July 2021.
  142. ^ "ÜRÜN DETAY". mke.gov.tr. MKE A.Ş. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  143. ^ "ÜRÜN DETAY". mke.gov.tr. MKE A.Ş. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  144. ^ "MKE Products Catalog" (PDF). mke.gov.tr. MKE A.Ş. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  145. ^ "ÜRÜN DETAY". mke.gov.tr. MKE A.Ş. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  146. ^ "MKE Products Catalog" (PDF). mke.gov.tr. MKE A.Ş. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  147. ^ @WeaponsWarfare (6 May 2023). "#Ukraine: A month-old video posted on the Ukrainian YT channel "Valgear" confirms the presence of the 🇩🇪German Rheinmetall L84A3 Red Phosphorus Smoke Screening Hand Grenade (SPIRCO) in the service of the Ukrainian army. #Kiev #UkraineRussianWar #Ukraina #Germany #Russia #Kyiv" (Tweet). Retrieved 25 May 2023 – via Twitter.
  148. ^ The War Office (1942). Small Arms Training, Volume I, Pamphlet No. 13 Grenade. pp. 35–37.
  149. ^ Navy Department, Bureau of Ordnance (1970). NAVORD OP 1665 British Explosive Ordnance 1946 (Changed 1 June 1970). p. 387.
  150. ^ Navy Department, Bureau of Ordnance (1970). NAVORD OP 1665 British Explosive Ordnance 1946 (Changed 1 June 1970). p. 388.
  151. ^ Navy Department, Bureau of Ordnance (1970). NAVORD OP 1665 British Explosive Ordnance 1946 (Changed 1 June 1970). p. 389.
  152. ^ "Grenade, hand, smoke, No 80 WP". Imperial War Museums.
  153. ^ a b Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom) (1975). Army Code No. 71001, Infantry Training Volume III, Pamphlet No. 13 Grenades.
  154. ^ Navy Department, Bureau of Ordnance (1970). NAVORD OP 1665 British Explosive Ordnance 1946 (Changed 1 June 1970). p. 390.
  155. ^ Navy Department, Bureau of Ordnance (1970). NAVORD OP 1665 British Explosive Ordnance 1946 (Changed 1 June 1970). p. 391.
  156. ^ a b c d "House of Commons Hansard Debates for 26 Jul 1993". publications.parliament.uk.
  157. ^ "Grenade, hand, smoke, No 83 Red Mk 2 (Sectioned)". Imperial War Museums.
  158. ^ "Grenade, hand, signal smoke, green, No 83". Imperial War Museums.
  159. ^ Chemring Defence. "Coloured Smoke Grenade No. 83 30 Sec". Archived from the original on 3 October 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  160. ^ Royal Bermuda Regiment (24 January 2012). "R01_2481". flickr.com. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
  161. ^ "O r d n a n c e . I n f O".
  162. ^ Wescom Defence. "Coloured Smoke Grenade No.83". Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  163. ^ Wescom Defence. "Coloured Smoke Grenade No.83 – 60 seconds". Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  164. ^ Wescom Defence. "Coloured Smoke Grenade No.83 – 90 seconds". Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  165. ^ "Grenade, hand, signal smoke, blue, L35A1". Imperial War Museums.
  166. ^ "Grenade, hand, signal smoke, green, L36A1". Imperial War Museums.
  167. ^ "Grenade, hand, signal smoke, red, L37A1". Imperial War Museums.
  168. ^ "Grenade, hand, signal smoke, yellow, L38A1". Imperial War Museums.
  169. ^ a b Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom) (2005). Army Code No. 14233, The Army Cadet Force Manual.
  170. ^ a b "Environmental Assessment of Formation Level Training at Canadian Forces Base Suffield" (PDF). Retrieved 18 July 2021.
  171. ^ "Ammunition: Iraq - Monday 21 May 2007 - Hansard - UK Parliament". hansard.parliament.uk.
  172. ^ Rottman, Gordon L. (20 February 2015). The Hand Grenade. Osprey Publishing. p. 16. ISBN 9781472807342.
  173. ^ Wescom Defence. "Grenade Hand Smoke Screening". Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  174. ^ Secretariat, Defence Equipment and Support (2 July 2019). "FOI2019/06669" (PDF). Whatdotheyknow. Retrieved 3 July 2019. They have been replaced by the L84A3 red phosphorous (sic) smoke grenade
  175. ^ Wescom Defence. "Grenade Hand Bursting Screening". Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  176. ^ Wescom Defence. "Grenade Hand Bursting Screening RP". Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  177. ^ "Cadet Training Centre Frimley Park | Cadet Force SA (M) Course 17/07 | Cadet Training Centre Frimley Park". 21 November 2016.
  178. ^ "List" (PDF). assets.publishing.service.gov.uk. Retrieved 2021-04-01.
  179. ^ Wescom Defence. "Grenade Hand Compact Screening Smoke". Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  180. ^ Wescom Defence. "Grenade Hand Compact Signal Smoke – 30 seconds". Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  181. ^ Wescom Defence. "Grenade Hand Compact Signal Smoke – 45 seconds". Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  182. ^ Wescom Defence. "Grenade Hand Compact Signal Smoke – 60 seconds". Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  183. ^ Primetake. "Smoke Grenade" (PDF). Retrieved 2021-07-20.
  184. ^ a b "Pyrotechnic, Smoke, & Distraction Devices". Primetake. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  185. ^ Centanex. "CTX Screening Smoke Hand Grenade" (PDF). Retrieved 2021-07-20.
  186. ^ "Chapter 1. Hand Grenades". FM 23-30, Hand and Rifle Grenades; Rocket, AT, HE, 2.36-inch (PDF). War Department. 14 February 1944. p. 7. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
  187. ^ "Chapter 1. Hand Grenades". FM 23-30, Hand and Rifle Grenades; Rocket, AT, HE, 2.36-inch (PDF). War Department. 14 February 1944. pp. 11, 13. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
  188. ^ "Chapter 1. Hand Grenades". FM 23-30, Hand and Rifle Grenades; Rocket, AT, HE, 2.36-inch (PDF). War Department. 14 February 1944. p. 12. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
  189. ^ "AN-M8 HC White Smoke grenade". Federation of American Scientists.
  190. ^ "Chapter 1. Hand Grenades". FM 23-30, Hand and Rifle Grenades; Rocket, AT, HE, 2.36-inch (PDF). War Department. 14 February 1944. pp. 10–11. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
  191. ^ "M15 White Phosphorous grenade".
  192. ^ a b "Chapter 1. Hand Grenades". FM 23-30, Hand and Rifle Grenades; Rocket, AT, HE, 2.36-inch (PDF). War Department. 14 February 1944. pp. 10–12. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
  193. ^ a b c Timmons, Robert (15 July 2016). "New Fort Jackson training is a blast". army.mil. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  194. ^ "M34 White Phosphorus Grenade". Retrieved September 17, 2012.
  195. ^ "M83 Smoke Hand Grenade". Project Manager Close Combat Systems. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  196. ^ "grenade recognition training poster, Smith & Wesson Chemical Company, Inc. Crowd Control Weapons". Canadian War Museum. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
  197. ^ "smoke hand grenade". Canadian War Museum. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
  198. ^ ALS. "Hand Deployed: ALSG972W". Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  199. ^ ALS. "Hand Deployed: ALSG978W". Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  200. ^ ALS. "Hand Deployed: ALSG2978W". Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  201. ^ ALS. "Hand Deployed: ALSG275W". Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  202. ^ ALS. "Hand Deployed: ALSG973W". Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  203. ^ Combined Systems. "5210 - White Smoke Canister Grenade". Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  204. ^ Combined Systems. "5210JL - Smoke Jet-Lite Canister Grenade, Pyro". Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  205. ^ Combined Systems. "5211 - White Smoke Triple Phaser Canister Grenade". Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  206. ^ Combined Systems. "6210 - White Smoke Canister Grenade". Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  207. ^ Combined Systems. "8210 – White Smoke Tactical Canister Grenade". Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  208. ^ Defense Technology. "Military-Style Black Smoke Grenade". Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  209. ^ Defense Technology. "Military-Style Blue Smoke Grenade". Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  210. ^ Defense Technology. "Military-Style Green Smoke Grenade". Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  211. ^ Defense Technology. "Military-Style Red Smoke Grenade". Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  212. ^ Defense Technology. "Military-Style Saf-Smoke Grenade". Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  213. ^ Defense Technology. "Military-Style Yellow Smoke Grenade". Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  214. ^ Defense Technology. "Pocket Tactical Blue Smoke Grenade". Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  215. ^ Defense Technology. "Tactical Smoke Grenade, Green". Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  216. ^ Defense Technology. "Pocket Tactical Red Smoke Grenade". Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  217. ^ Defense Technology. "Pocket Tactical Grenade, Saf-Smoke". Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  218. ^ Defense Technology. "Pocket Tactical Saf-Smoke Yellow Smoke Grenade". Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  219. ^ Defense Technology. "Triple-Chaser Separating Canister, Saf-Smoke". Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  220. ^ Defense Technology. "Maximum HC Smoke Large Style Canister". Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  221. ^ Defense Technology. "Maximum HC Smoke Military-Style Canister". Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  222. ^ Defense Technology. "Han-Ball Grenade, Saf-Smoke". Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  223. ^ Defense Technology. "Flameless Tri-Chamber Saf-Smoke Grenade". Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  224. ^ NonLethal Technologies. "Pocket Smoke Grenades CS and Color". Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  225. ^ NonLethal Technologies. "60mm Smoke Grenades CS and Color". Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  226. ^ NonLethal Technologies. "Baffled Smoke Grenades CS and Color". Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  227. ^ NonLethal Technologies. "45mm Smoke Grenades CS and Color". Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  228. ^ NonLethal Technologies. "Color Smoke Grenades Military M18 Type". Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  229. ^ NonLethal Technologies. "HC Screening Smoke Grenades Military M8 Type". Retrieved 30 July 2021.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smoke_grenade&oldid=1245998227"